Implementation of Selective Forwarding Technique on AODV Protocol in MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes. MANET nodes without the need for any centralized control function are able to create a cooperative network among them. The change in topology in MANET makes routing as a crucial issue in the design of the MANET. Because of the decentralized infrastructure, MANET has to rely on flooding based route discovery/maintenance mechanisms, which generates control overhead. In this paper, we have studied the routing overhead and proposed a routing protocol in which each node exchange “Hello message” with its immediate neighbor. Hello message contains list of one hope neighbor of sender node. On the basis of this information Multi point Relay (MPR) point will be decided for that node. MPR points of a node are the minimal set of one hop node through which all two hops can be covered. Thus we can limit the routing overhead due to flooding of message. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150610

Architectural & circuit level techniques to improve energy efficiency of high speed serial links

High performance computing and communication are two key aspects of all information processing systems. With aggressive scaling of silicon technology enabling integration of a large number of transistors in a small area, managing power and thermal reliability has become very challenging. While lowering the power needed for performing computation has been the prime focus for decades, energy consumed for data transfer has recently become a major bottleneck especially in high performance applications. The focus of this thesis is on improving energy efficiency of communication links by exploring design techniques at both the architectural and circuit levels. In the first part of this work, we propose a time-based equalization scheme to implement transmit de-emphasis in voltage-mode output drivers. Using two-level pulse-width modulation, it overcomes the tradeoff between impedance matching, output swing, and de-emphasis resolution in conventional voltage-mode drivers. A prototype PWM-based 5$\,$Gb/s voltage-mode transmitter was implemented in a 90$\,$nm CMOS process and characterized across different channels and output swings to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed techniques. The horizontal/vertical eye openings (BER=$\rm 10^{-12}$) at the ends of 60$\,$inch and 96$\,$inch stripline channels are 78$\,$mV/0.6$\,$UI and 8$\,$mV/0.3$\,$UI, respectively. This transmitter achieves an energy efficiency of 3.1$\,$mW/Gb/s while compensating for 16-28$\,$dB channel loss, which compares favorably with the state-of-the-art. In the second part, techniques to improve energy efficiency of a complete transceiver are presented. The transmitter employs a novel partially segmented voltage-mode output driver to lower power consumption in pre-drivers during 2-tap FIR equalization. The receiver implements a low power half-rate clock and data recovery with the proposed ring PLL based multi-phase sampling clock generation in CDR loop and charge-based sampling and deserialization. These techniques are verified using the measured results obtained from a 14Gb/s transceiver prototype. Transmitter achieves an energy efficiency of 0.89$\,$mW/Gb/s while securing a 0.36$\,$UI sampling time margin with $\rm{BER=10^{-12}}$ at the end of the channel with 11$\,$dB loss at Nyquist frequency. The receiver recovers sampling clock with 1.8$\,$$\rm{ps_{rms}}$ long term absolute jitter while recovering 14$\,$Gb/s data at $\rm{BER=10^{-12}}$. The receiver achieves an energy efficiency of 1.69$\,$mW/Gb/s. Transmitter and receiver share an LC PLL, which achieves 0.605$\,$$\rm{ps_{rms}}$ integrated jitter at 7$\,$GHz output with an energy efficiency of 0.5$\,$mW/GHz. The transceiver as a whole achieves an energy efficiency of 2.8$\,$mW/Gb/s

Effects of Rest Time and Temperature on Graphite/LiCoO2 Battery Degradation

Lithium-ion batteries are used as energy storage devices in a variety of applications ranging from small portable electronics to high-energy/high-power electric vehicles. These batteries degrade and lose their capacity, defined as the amount of charge the battery holds, as a result of charge–discharge operations and various degradation mechanisms. Degradation of lithium-ion batteries is affected by various operational and environmental conditions, including temperature, discharge and charge current, and depth of discharge. Another factor, which has not been given due attention, is the open rest period after full charge during the cycling operation of the batteries. This study investigates the effects of open rest period after full charge on the performance degradation behavior of graphite/LiCoO2 pouch batteries under four different ambient temperatures. Battery degradation is quantified in terms of the capacity fade and shifts in the peaks of the differential voltage curves, which also provide inferences about the individual electrode degradation. The interplay between rest time, battery state of charge, and number of cycles is investigated to explain the capacity fade trends. A capacity fade trend model is then developed and applied to the experimental data, and the applicability of rest time as an accelerating stress factor for Li-ion battery testing is presented. The degradation mechanisms are investigated using differential voltage analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques

Pulmonary Function Tests In Young Healthy Subjects Of North India

Study Objectives : The diagnosis of disease done by skiagram can be substantiated by pulmonary function tests. Substantial data of Indians on PFTs is not available. The present study therefore has been planned on young healthy north Indians. Setting : 119 males and 49 female medical students of North India. Measurements : PFT's, T.V. FEV1, FVC, FER and PEFR were measured. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results : In North Indian males, mean T. V was 437.56 ± 65.83 ml, FEV1 3.26 ±041 L, FVC 3.82 ± 0.48 L, FER 85.09 ± 2.42% and PEFR was 495.42 ± 101.82 L / min. In North Indian females, average T. V was 386.12 ± 37.90 ml, FEV1 2.39 ± 0.38 L, FVC 2.79 ± 0.43 L, FER 85.38 ± 257% and PEFR was 307.12 ± 75.74 L / min. Conclusions: Males in comparison to females had more value of PFTs. All the PFTs showed positive correlation with Height, Weight and Surface area except Tidal Volume and FER

Binary immobilization: a newer approach for immobilizing lipase from a thermophilic sp. of Thermomyces lanuginosus

358-362We report binary immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase enzyme using chitosan as the support. This method of enzyme immobilization is better than cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) in terms of better enzyme recovery and separation. This method of immobilization resulted in an increase in the thermostability of the binary immobilized lipase as against the crude free enzyme. This preparation could be used for nearly 15 consecutive cycles with 80-100% efficiency. Reusability of the immobilized enzyme makes it an economical alternative to the traditional way. Immobilized lipases in particular are a modern catalytic tool for various industrially significant reactions and applications

Identification and genetic characterization of phenol-degrading bacterium isolated from oil contaminated

A phenol-degrading novel monosodium glutamate was isolated from oil contaminated soil in India. This strain was found capable to utilize and tolerate up to 9.5 mM of phenol. Based on the results of phylogenetic similarity of 16S recombinant ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences and fatty acid analysis, strain MSG8 was identified as a novel Acinetobacter sp. The sequence of the partial largest subunit of multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (LmPH) gene of this isolated strain was identified and compared with LmPH gene of Pseudomonas sp.CF600. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that the isolate can degrade phenol through catechol ortho fission pathway. In this paper, we reported about the new strain of Acinetobacter sp. capable of degrading phenol (9.5 mM of phenol concentration) under normal conditions. Therefore, strain MSG8 can potentially be used in bioremediation of phenol. The given data demonstrates that the isolated strain exhibits the characteristics of an efficient phenol-degrading microorganism.Keywords: Phenol, degradation, monosodium glutamate, bioremediation, Acinetobacter sp.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(8), pp. 791-79

A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videos

Panoptic segmentation assigns semantic and instance ID labels to every pixel of an image. As permutations of instance IDs are also valid solutions, the task requires learning of high-dimensional one-to-many mapping. As a result, state-of-the-art approaches use customized architectures and task-specific loss functions. We formulate panoptic segmentation as a discrete data generation problem, without relying on inductive bias of the task. A diffusion model is proposed to model panoptic masks, with a simple architecture and generic loss function. By simply adding past predictions as a conditioning signal, our method is capable of modeling video (in a streaming setting) and thereby learns to track object instances automatically. With extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our simple approach can perform competitively to state-of-the-art specialist methods in similar settings.Comment: ICCV'23. Code at https://github.com/google-research/pix2se